An Act relating to bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notesBills of Exchange ActBills of Exchange20218
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B-4Short TitleShort titleThis Act may be cited as the Bills of Exchange Act.R.S., c. B-5, s. 1InterpretationDefinitionsIn this Act,acceptance means an acceptance completed by delivery or notification; (acceptation)action includes counter-claim and set-off; (action)bank means a bank or an authorized foreign bank within the meaning of section 2 of the Bank Act; (banque)bearer means the person in possession of a bill or note that is payable to bearer; (porteur)bill means bill of exchange; (lettre)defence includes counter-claim; (défense)delivery means transfer of possession, actual or constructive, from one person to another; (livraison)endorsement means an endorsement completed by delivery; (endossement ou endos)holder means the payee or endorsee of a bill or note who is in possession of it, or the bearer thereof; (détenteur)issue means the first delivery of a bill or note, complete in form, to a person who takes it as a holder; (émission)non-business days means days directed by this Act to be observed as legal holidays or non-juridical days, and any other day is a business day; (jours fériés)note means promissory note; (billet)value means valuable consideration. (Version anglaise seulement)R.S., 1985, c. B-4, s. 2; 1999, c. 28, s. 148GeneralThing done in good faithA thing is deemed to be done in good faith, within the meaning of this Act, where it is in fact done honestly, whether it is done negligently or not.R.S., c. B-5, s. 3SignatureWhere, by this Act, any instrument or writing is required to be signed by any person, it is not necessary that he should sign it with his own hand, but it is sufficient if his signature is written thereon by some other person by or under his authority.R.S., c. B-5, s. 4What required of corporationIn the case of a corporation, where, by this Act, any instrument or writing is required to be signed, it is sufficient if the instrument or writing is duly sealed with the corporate seal, but nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the bill or note of a corporation to be under seal.R.S., c. B-5, s. 5Computation of timeWhere, by this Act, the time limited for doing any act or thing is less than three days, in reckoning time, non-business days are excluded.SaturdaysIn all matters relating to bills or notes,if the time for doing any act or thing expires or falls on a Saturday, that time is deemed to expire or fall, as the case may be, on the next following business day;a bill or note payable on demand cannot be duly presented for acceptance or payment on a Saturday; andfailure to do any act or thing on a Saturday does not give rise to any rights.ChequesNotwithstanding any other provision of this Act, a cheque may be presented and paid on a Saturday or a non-juridical day if the drawee is open for business at the time of the presentment and the presentment in all other respects is in accordance with this Act, and the non-acceptance or non-payment of a cheque so presented gives rise to the same rights as though it had been presented on a business day other than a Saturday.Where bank not open for businessIn all matters relating to bills or notes, notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, if a branch of a bank carrying on business is not open for business on a business daythe time for doing any act or thing at the branch, if the time expires or falls on that day, is deemed to expire or fall, as the case may be, on the next following business day on which the branch is open for business;a bill or note payable on demand cannot be duly presented for acceptance or payment at the branch on that day; andfailure to do any act or thing by reason of the branch not being open for business on that day does not give rise to any rights.R.S., c. B-5, s. 6Crossing dividend warrantsThe provisions of this Act relating to crossed cheques apply to a warrant for payment of dividend.R.S., c. B-5, s. 7Bank Act not affectedNothing in this Act affects the provisions of the Bank Act.R.S., c. B-5, s. 8Common law of EnglandThe rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques.R.S., c. B-5, s. 10Protest evidenceA protest of any bill or note within Canada, and any copy thereof as copied by the notary or justice of the peace, is, in any action, evidence of presentation and dishonour, and also of service of notice of the presentation and dishonour as stated in the protest or copy.R.S., c. B-5, s. 11Copy of protest, evidenceWhere a bill or note, presented for acceptance, or payable outside Canada, is protested for non-acceptance or non-payment, a notarial copy of the protest and of the notice of dishonour, and a notarial certificate of the service of the notice, shall be received in all courts as evidence of the protest, notice and service.R.S., c. B-5, s. 12Officer of bank not to act as notaryNo clerk, teller or agent of any bank shall act as a notary in the protesting of any bill or note payable at the bank or at any of the branches of the bank in which he is employed.R.S., c. B-5, s. 13Purchase of patent rightEvery bill or note the consideration of which consists, in whole or in part, of the purchase money of a patent right, or of a partial interest, limited geographically or otherwise, in a patent right, shall have written or printed prominently and legibly across the face thereof, before it is issued, the words “Given for a patent right”.Absence of necessary wordsIf the words “Given for a patent right” are not written or printed on any instrument in the manner prescribed in subsection (1), the instrument and any renewal thereof is void, except in the hands of a holder in due course without notice of the consideration.R.S., c. B-5, s. 14Transferee to take with equitiesThe endorsee or other transferee of any instrument referred to in section 13 having the words “Given for a patent right” printed or written thereon takes the instrument subject to any defence or set-off in respect of the whole or any part thereof that would have existed between the original parties.R.S., c. B-5, s. 15Offence and punishmentEvery person who issues, sells or transfers, by endorsement or delivery, any instrument referred to in section 13 not having the words “Given for a patent right” printed or written across the face thereof in the manner prescribed by that section, knowing the consideration of that instrument to have consisted, in whole or in part, of the purchase money of a patent right, or of a partial interest, limited geographically or otherwise, in a patent right, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding one year, or to such fine, not exceeding two hundred dollars, as the court thinks fit.R.S., c. B-5, s. 16Bills of ExchangeForm and Interpretation of BillBill of exchangeA bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer.Non-compliance with requisitesAn instrument that does not comply with the requirements of subsection (1), or that orders any act to be done in addition to the payment of money, is not, except as hereinafter provided, a bill.Unconditional orderAn order to pay out of a particular fund is not unconditional within the meaning of this section, except that an unqualified order to pay, coupled withan indication of a particular fund out of which the drawee is to reimburse himself or a particular account to be debited with the amount, ora statement of the transaction that gives rise to the bill,is unconditional.R.S., c. B-5, s. 17Instrument payable on contingencyAn instrument expressed to be payable on a contingency is not a bill and the happening of the event does not cure the defect.Addressed to two or more draweesA bill may be addressed to two or more drawees, whether they are partners or not, but an order addressed to two drawees in the alternative, or to two or more drawees in succession, is not a bill.R.S., c. B-5, s. 18Payee, drawer or draweeA bill may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawer, or it may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawee.Two or more payeesA bill may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it may be made payable in the alternative to one of two, or one or some of several payees.Holder of office payeeA bill may be made payable to the holder of an office for the time being.R.S., c. B-5, s. 19Drawee to be namedThe drawee must be named or otherwise indicated in a bill with reasonable certainty.R.S., c. B-5, s. 20Transfer wordsWhen a bill contains words prohibiting transfer, or indicating an intention that it should not be transferable, it is valid as between the parties thereto, but it is not negotiable.Negotiable billA negotiable bill may be payable either to order or to bearer.When payable to bearerA bill is payable to bearer that is expressed to be so payable, or on which the only or last endorsement is an endorsement in blank.Certainty of payeeWhere a bill is not payable to bearer, the payee must be named or otherwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.Fictitious payeeWhere the payee is a fictitious or non-existing person, the bill may be treated as payable to bearer.R.S., c. B-5, s. 21Bill payable to orderA bill is payable to order that is expressed to be so payable, or that is expressed to be payable to a particular person, and does not contain words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intention that it should not be transferable.When payable to person or orderWhere a bill, either originally or by endorsement, is expressed to be payable to the order of a specified person, and not to him or his order, it is nevertheless payable to him or his order at his option.R.S., c. B-5, s. 22When payable on demandA bill is payable on demandthat is expressed to be payable on demand or on presentation; orin which no time for payment is expressed.Endorsed when overdueWhere a bill is accepted or endorsed when it is overdue, it shall, with respect to the acceptor who so accepts it, or any endorser who so endorses it, be deemed a bill payable on demand.R.S., c. B-5, s. 23Determinable future timeA bill is payable at a determinable future time, within the meaning of this Act, that is expressed to be payableat sight or at a fixed period after date or sight; oron or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified event that is certain to happen, though the time of happening is uncertain.R.S., c. B-5, s. 24Inland billAn inland bill is a bill that is, or on the face of it purports to be,both drawn and payable within Canada; ordrawn within Canada on a person resident in Canada.Foreign billAny other bill is a foreign bill.PresumptionUnless the contrary appears on the face of a bill, the holder may treat it as an inland bill.R.S., c. B-5, s. 25Bill or noteWhere in a bill drawer and drawee are the same person, or where the drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract, the holder may treat the instrument, at his option, either as a bill or as a note.R.S., c. B-5, s. 26Valid billA bill is not invalid by reason only that itis not dated;does not specify the value given, or that any value has been given therefor;does not specify the place where it is drawn or the place where it is payable; oris antedated or post-dated, or bears date on a Sunday or other non-juridical day.R.S., c. B-5, s. 27Sum certainThe sum payable by a bill is a sum certain within the meaning of this Act, although it is required to be paidwith interest;by stated instalments;by stated instalments, with a provision that on default in payment of any instalment the whole shall become due; oraccording to an indicated rate of exchange or a rate of exchange to be ascertained as directed by the bill.Figures and wordsWhere the sum payable by a bill is expressed in words and also in figures and there is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable.With interestWhere a bill is expressed to be payable with interest, unless the instrument otherwise provides, interest runs from the date of the bill and, if the bill is undated, from the issue thereof.R.S., c. B-5, s. 28True date presumptionWhere a bill or an acceptance, or any endorsement on a bill, is dated, the date shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to be the true date of the drawing, acceptance or endorsement, as the case may be.R.S., c. B-5, s. 29Undated bill payable after dateWhere a bill expressed to be payable at a fixed period after date is issued undated, or where the acceptance of a bill payable at sight or at a fixed period after sight is undated, any holder may insert therein the true date of issue or acceptance, and the bill shall be payable accordingly, but where the holder in good faith and by mistake inserts a wrong date, or in every other case where a wrong date is inserted, if the bill subsequently comes into the hands of a holder in due course, the bill is not voided thereby, but operates and is payable as if the date so inserted had been the true date.R.S., c. B-5, s. 30Perfecting billWhere a simple signature on a blank paper is delivered by the signer in order that it may be converted into a bill, it operates, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, as an authority to fill it up as a complete bill for any amount, using the signature for that of the drawer or acceptor, or an endorser, and, in like manner, when a bill is wanting in any material particular, the person in possession of it has, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the authority to fill up the omission in any way he thinks fit.R.S., c. B-5, s. 31When completedIn order that any instrument referred to in section 30 when completed may be enforceable against any person who became a party thereto prior to its completion, it must be filled up within a reasonable time and strictly in accordance with the authority given, but where any such instrument, after completion, is negotiated to a holder in due course, it is valid and effectual for all purposes in his hands, and he may enforce it as if it had been filled up within a reasonable time and strictly in accordance with the authority given.Reasonable timeReasonable time within the meaning of this section is a question of fact.R.S., c. B-5, s. 32Referee in case of needThe drawer of a bill and any endorser may insert therein the name of a person, who shall be called the referee in case of need, to whom the holder may resort in case of need, that is to say, in case the bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment.OptionThe holder may, at his option, resort to the referee in case of need or not, as he thinks fit.R.S., c. B-5, s. 33StipulationsThe drawer of a bill, and any endorser, may insert therein an express stipulationnegativing or limiting his own liability to the holder; orwaiving, with respect to himself, some or all of the holder’s duties.R.S., c. B-5, s. 34AcceptanceAcceptanceThe acceptance of a bill is the signification by the drawee of his assent to the order of the drawer.Drawee’s name wrongWhere in a bill the drawee is wrongly designated or his name is misspelt, he may accept the bill as therein described, adding, if he thinks fit, his proper signature or he may accept by his proper signature.R.S., c. B-5, s. 35AcceptanceAn acceptance is invalid unless it complies with the following conditions:it must be written on the bill and be signed by the drawee; andit must not express that the drawee will perform his promise by any other means than the payment of money.Mere signatureThe mere signature of the drawee written on the bill without additional words is a sufficient acceptance.R.S., c. B-5, s. 36AcceptanceA bill may be acceptedbefore it has been signed by the drawer or while otherwise incomplete; orwhen it is overdue or after it has been dishonoured by a previous refusal to accept, or by non-payment.Acceptance after dishonourWhen a bill payable at sight or after sight is dishonoured by non-acceptance and the drawee subsequently accepts it, the holder, in the absence of any different agreement, is entitled to have the bill accepted as of the date of first presentment to the drawee for acceptance.R.S., c. B-5, s. 37KindsAn acceptance is either general or qualified.GeneralA general acceptance assents without qualification to the order of the drawer.QualifiedA qualified acceptance in express terms varies the effect of the bill as drawn and, in particular, an acceptance is qualified that isconditional, that is to say, that makes payment by the acceptor dependent on the fulfilment of a condition therein stated;partial, that is to say, an acceptance to pay part only of the amount for which the bill is drawn;qualified as to time; orthe acceptance of one or more of the drawees, but not of all.Specified placeAn acceptance to pay at a particular specified place is not on that account conditional or qualified.R.S., c. B-5, s. 38DeliveryWhen acceptance completeEvery contract on a bill, whether it is the drawer’s, the acceptor’s or an endorser’s, is incomplete and revocable until delivery of the instrument in order to give effect thereto, but where an acceptance is written on a bill and the drawee gives notice to, or according to the directions of, the person entitled to the bill that he has accepted it, the acceptance then becomes complete and irrevocable.R.S., c. B-5, s. 39RequisitesAs between immediate parties and as regards a remote party, other than a holder in due course, the delivery of a billin order to be effectual must be made either by or under the authority of the party drawing, accepting or endorsing, as the case may be; ormay be shown to have been conditional or for a special purpose only, and not for the purpose of transferring the property in the bill.PresumptionWhere the bill is in the hands of a holder in due course, a valid delivery of the bill by all parties prior to him, so as to make them liable to him, is conclusively presumed.R.S., c. B-5, s. 40Parting with possessionWhere a bill is no longer in the possession of a party who has signed it as drawer, acceptor or endorser, a valid and unconditional delivery by him is presumed until the contrary is proved.R.S., c. B-5, s. 41Computation of Time, Non-juridical Days and Days of GraceComputation of timeWhere a bill is not payable on demand, three days, called days of grace, are, in every case, where the bill itself does not otherwise provide, added to the time of payment as fixed by the bill, and the bill is due and payable on the last day of grace, but whenever the last day of grace falls on a legal holiday or non-juridical day in the province where any such bill is payable, the day next following, not being a legal holiday or non-juridical day in that province, is the last day of grace.R.S., c. B-5, s. 42Non-juridical daysIn all matters relating to bills of exchange, the following and no other days shall be observed as legal holidays or non-juridical days:in all the provinces,Sundays, New Year’s Day, Good Friday, Victoria Day, Canada Day, Labour Day, National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, which is observed on September 30, Remembrance Day and Christmas Day,the birthday (or the day fixed by proclamation for the celebration of the birthday) of the reigning Sovereign,any day appointed by proclamation to be observed as a public holiday, or as a day of general prayer or mourning or day of public rejoicing or thanksgiving, throughout Canada, andthe day next following New Year’s Day, Christmas Day and the birthday of the reigning Sovereign (if no other day is fixed by proclamation for the celebration of the birthday) when those days respectively fall on a Sunday;in any province, any day appointed by proclamation of the lieutenant governor of the province to be observed as a public holiday, or for a fast or thanksgiving within the province, and any day that is a non-juridical day by virtue of an Act of the legislature of the province; andin any city, town, municipality or other organized district, any day appointed to be observed as a civic holiday by resolution of the council, or other authority charged with the administration of the civic or municipal affairs of the city, town, municipality or district.R.S., 1985, c. B-4, s. 422021, c. 11, s. 2Time of paymentWhere a bill is payable at sight, or at a fixed period after date, after sight or after the happening of a specified event, the time of payment is determined by excluding the day from which the time is to begin to run and by including the day of payment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 44Sight billWhere a bill is payable at sight or at a fixed period after sight, the time begins to run from the date of the acceptance if the bill is accepted, and from the date of noting or protest if the bill is noted or protested for non-acceptance or for non-delivery.R.S., c. B-5, s. 45Due dateEvery bill that is made payable at a month or months after date becomes due on the same numbered day of the month in which it is made payable as the day on which it is dated, unless there is no such day in the month in which it is made payable, in which case it becomes due on the last day of that month, with the addition, in all cases, of the days of grace.Definition of “month”The term month in a bill means the calendar month.R.S., c. B-5, s. 46Capacity and Authority of PartiesCapacity of partiesCapacity to incur liability as a party to a bill is coextensive with capacity to contract.CorporationsNothing in this section enables a corporation to make itself liable as drawer, acceptor or endorser of a bill, unless it may do so under the law in force relating to that corporation.R.S., c. B-5, s. 47Effect of disability on holderWhere a bill is drawn or endorsed by any infant, minor or corporation having no capacity or power to incur liability on a bill, the drawing or endorsement entitles the holder to receive payment of the bill and to enforce it against any other party thereto.R.S., c. B-5, s. 48ForgerySubject to this Act, where a signature on a bill is forged, or placed thereon without the authority of the person whose signature it purports to be, the forged or unauthorized signature is wholly inoperative, and no right to retain the bill or to give a discharge therefor or to enforce payment thereof against any party thereto can be acquired through or under that signature, unless the party against whom it is sought to retain or enforce payment of the bill is precluded from setting up the forgery or want of authority.RatificationNothing in this section affects the ratification of an unauthorized signature not amounting to a forgery.Recovery of amount paid on forged chequeWhere a cheque payable to order is paid by the drawee on a forged endorsement out of the funds of the drawer, or is so paid and charged to his account, the drawer has no right of action against the drawee for the recovery of the amount so paid, nor any defence to any claim made by the drawee for the amount so paid, as the case may be, unless he gives notice in writing of the forgery to the drawee within one year after he has acquired notice of the forgery.Default of noticeIn case of failure by the drawer to give notice of the forgery within the period referred to in subsection (3), the cheque shall be held to have been paid in due course with respect to every other party thereto or named therein, who has not previously instituted proceedings for the protection of his rights.R.S., c. B-5, s. 49Recovery of amount paid on forged endorsementWhere a bill bearing a forged or an unauthorized endorsement is paid in good faith and in the ordinary course of business by or on behalf of the drawee or acceptor, the person by whom or on whose behalf the payment is made has the right to recover the amount paid from the person to whom it was paid or from any endorser who has endorsed the bill subsequent to the forged or unauthorized endorsement if notice of the endorsement being a forged or an unauthorized endorsement is given to each such subsequent endorser within the time and in the manner mentioned in this section.Rights against prior endorsersAny person or endorser from whom an amount has been recovered under subsection (1) has the like right of recovery against any prior endorser subsequent to the forged or unauthorized endorsement.Notice of forgeryThe notice referred to in subsection (1) shall be given within a reasonable time after the person seeking to recover the amount has acquired notice that the endorsement is forged or unauthorized, and may be given in the same manner, and if sent by post may be addressed in the same way as notice of protest or dishonour of a bill may be given or addressed under this Act.R.S., c. B-5, s. 50Procuration signaturesA signature by procuration operates as notice that the agent has but a limited authority to sign, and the principal is bound by such signature only if the agent in so signing was acting within the actual limits of his authority.R.S., c. B-5, s. 51Signing in representative capacityWhere a person signs a bill as drawer, endorser or acceptor and adds words to his signature indicating that he has signed for or on behalf of a principal, or in a representative character, he is not personally liable thereon, but the mere addition to his signature of words describing him as an agent, or as filling a representative character, does not exempt him from personal liability.Rule for determining capacityIn determining whether a signature on a bill is that of the principal or that of the agent by whose hand it is written, the construction most favourable to the validity of the instrument shall be adopted.R.S., c. B-5, s. 52ConsiderationValuable considerationValuable consideration for a bill may be constituted byany consideration sufficient to support a simple contract; oran antecedent debt or liability.Form of billAn antecedent debt or liability is deemed valuable consideration, whether the bill is payable on demand or at a future time.R.S., c. B-5, s. 53Holder for valueWhere value has, at any time, been given for a bill, the holder is deemed to be a holder for value as regards the acceptor and all parties to the bill who became parties prior to that time.In case of lienWhere the holder of a bill has a lien on it, arising either from contract or by implication of law, he is deemed to be a holder for value to the extent of the sum for which he has a lien.R.S., c. B-5, s. 54Accommodation billAn accommodation party to a bill is a person who has signed a bill as drawer, acceptor or endorser, without receiving value therefor, and for the purpose of lending his name to some other person.Liability of partyAn accommodation party is liable on a bill to a holder for value, and it is immaterial whether, when that holder took the bill, he knew that party to be an accommodation party or not.R.S., c. B-5, s. 55Holder in Due CourseHolder in due courseA holder in due course is a holder who has taken a bill, complete and regular on the face of it, under the following conditions, namely,that he became the holder of it before it was overdue and without notice that it had been previously dishonoured, if such was the fact; andthat he took the bill in good faith and for value, and that at the time the bill was negotiated to him he had no notice of any defect in the title of the person who negotiated it.Title defectiveIn particular, the title of a person who negotiates a bill is defective within the meaning of this Act when he obtained the bill, or the acceptance thereof, by fraud, duress or force and fear, or other unlawful means, or for an illegal consideration, or when he negotiates it in breach of faith, or under such circumstances as amount to a fraud.R.S., c. B-5, s. 56Right of subsequent holderA holder, whether for value or not, who derives his title to a bill through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting it, has all the rights of that holder in due course as regards the acceptor and all parties to the bill prior to that holder.R.S., c. B-5, s. 57Presumption of valueEvery party whose signature appears on a bill is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, deemed to have become a party thereto for value.Presumed holder in due courseEvery holder of a bill is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, deemed to be a holder in due course, but if, in an action on a bill, it is admitted or proved that the acceptance, issue or subsequent negotiation of the bill is affected with fraud, duress or force and fear, or illegality, the burden of proof that he is the holder in due course is on him, unless and until he proves that, subsequent to the alleged fraud or illegality, value has in good faith been given for the bill by some other holder in due course.R.S., c. B-5, s. 58Usurious considerationNo bill, although given for a usurious consideration or on a usurious contract, is void in the hands of a holder, unless the holder had at the time of its transfer to him actual knowledge that it was originally given for a usurious consideration or on a usurious contract.R.S., c. B-5, s. 59NegotiationBy transferA bill is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such a manner as to constitute the transferee the holder of the bill.By deliveryA bill payable to bearer is negotiated by delivery.By endorsementA bill payable to order is negotiated by the endorsement of the holder.R.S., c. B-5, s. 60Without endorsementWhere the holder of a bill payable to his order transfers it for value without endorsing it, the transfer gives the transferee such title as the transferor had in the bill, and the transferee in addition acquires the right to have the endorsement of the transferor.Representative capacityWhere any person is under obligation to endorse a bill in a representative capacity, he may endorse the bill in such terms as to negative personal liability.R.S., c. B-5, s. 61EndorsingAn endorsement in order to operate as a negotiation must bewritten on the bill itself and be signed by the endorser; andan endorsement of the entire bill.AllongeAn endorsement written on an allonge, or on a copy of a bill issued or negotiated in a country where copies are recognized, is deemed to be written on the bill itself.Partial endorsementA partial endorsement, that is to say, an endorsement that purports to transfer to the endorsee a part only of the amount payable, or that purports to transfer the bill to two or more endorsees severally, does not operate as a negotiation of the bill.R.S., c. B-5, s. 62Signature sufficientThe simple signature of the endorser on a bill, without additional words, is a sufficient endorsement.Two or more payeesWhere a bill is payable to the order of two or more payees or endorsees who are not partners, all must endorse, unless the one endorsing has authority to endorse for the others.R.S., c. B-5, s. 63Misspelling payee’s nameWhere, in a bill payable to order, the payee or endorsee is wrongly designated or his name is misspelt, he may endorse the bill as therein described, adding his proper signature, or he may endorse by his proper signature.R.S., c. B-5, s. 64Presumption as to order of endorsementWhere there are two or more endorsements on a bill, each endorsement is deemed to have been made in the order in which it appears on the bill, until the contrary is proved.R.S., c. B-5, s. 65Disregarding conditionWhere a bill purports to be endorsed conditionally, the condition may be disregarded by the payer, and payment to the endorsee is valid, whether the condition has been fulfilled or not.R.S., c. B-5, s. 66EndorsementAn endorsement may be made in blank or special.In blankAn endorsement in blank specifies no endorsee, and a bill so endorsed becomes payable to bearer.SpecialA special endorsement specifies the person to whom, or to whose order, the bill is to be payable.Application of ActThe provisions of this Act relating to a payee apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require, to an endorsee under a special endorsement.Conversion of blank endorsementWhere a bill has been endorsed in blank, any holder may convert the blank endorsement into a special endorsement by writing above the endorser’s signature a direction to pay the bill to or to the order of himself or some other person.R.S., c. B-5, s. 67Restrictive endorsementAn endorsement may contain terms making it restrictive.IdemAn endorsement is restrictive that prohibits the further negotiation of the bill, or that expresses that it is a mere authority to deal with the bill as thereby directed, and not a transfer of the ownership thereof, as, for example, if a bill is endorsed “Pay ... only”, or “Pay ... for the account of ...”, or “Pay ..., or order, for collection”.Rights of endorseeA restrictive endorsement gives the endorsee the right to receive payment of the bill and to sue any party thereto that his endorser could have sued, but gives him no power to transfer his rights as endorsee unless it expressly authorizes him to do so.If further transfer is authorizedWhere a restrictive endorsement authorizes further transfer, all subsequent endorsees take the bill with the same rights and subject to the same liabilities as the first endorsee under the restrictive endorsement.R.S., c. B-5, s. 68When negotiability ceasesWhere a bill is negotiable in its origin, it continues to be negotiable until it has beenrestrictively endorsed; ordischarged by payment or otherwise.R.S., c. B-5, s. 69Overdue billWhere an overdue bill is negotiated, it can be negotiated only subject to any defect of title affecting it at its maturity, and thenceforward no person who takes it can acquire or give a better title than the person from whom he took it had.When demand bill overdueA bill payable on demand is deemed to be overdue, within the meaning and for the purposes of this section, when it appears on the face of it to have been in circulation for an unreasonable length of time.TimeWhat is an unreasonable length of time for the purpose of subsection (2) is a question of fact.R.S., c. B-5, s. 70PresumptionExcept where an endorsement bears date after the maturity of the bill, every negotiation is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, deemed to have been effected before the bill was overdue.R.S., c. B-5, s. 71Taking bill with notice of dishonourWhere a bill that is not overdue has been dishonoured, any person who takes it with notice of the dishonour takes it subject to any defect of title attaching thereto at the time of dishonour, but nothing in this section affects the rights of a holder in due course.R.S., c. B-5, s. 72Reissue of billWhere a bill is negotiated back to the drawer, to a prior endorser or to the acceptor, that party may, subject to this Act, reissue and further negotiate the bill, but he is not entitled to enforce the payment of the bill against any intervening party to whom he was previously liable.R.S., c. B-5, s. 73Rights and Powers of HolderRights and powers of holderThe rights and powers of the holder of a bill are as follows:he may sue on the bill in his own name;where he is a holder in due course, he holds the bill free from any defect of title of prior parties, as well as from mere personal defences available to prior parties among themselves, and may enforce payment against all parties liable on the bill;where his title is defective, if he negotiates the bill to a holder in due course, that holder obtains a good and complete title to the bill; andwhere his title is defective, if he obtains payment of the bill, the person who pays him in due course gets a valid discharge for the bill.R.S., c. B-5, s. 74Presentment for AcceptanceWhen presentment for acceptance necessaryWhere a bill is payable at sight or after sight, presentment for acceptance is necessary in order to fix the maturity of the instrument.Express stipulationWhere a bill expressly stipulates that it shall be presented for acceptance, or where a bill is drawn payable elsewhere than at the residence or place of business of the drawee, it must be presented for acceptance before it can be presented for payment.Other casesIn no other case is presentment for acceptance necessary in order to render liable any party to the bill.R.S., c. B-5, s. 75Presentment excusedWhere the holder of a bill, drawn payable elsewhere than at the place of business or residence of the drawee, has not time, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, to present the bill for acceptance before presenting it for payment on the day that it falls due, the delay caused by presenting the bill for acceptance before presenting it for payment is excused and does not discharge the drawer and endorsers.R.S., c. B-5, s. 76Sight billSubject to this Act, when a bill payable at sight or after sight is negotiated, the holder must either present it for acceptance or negotiate it within a reasonable time.If not presentedIf the holder does not comply with the requirement of subsection (1), the drawer and all endorsers prior to that holder are discharged.Reasonable timeIn determining what is a reasonable time within the meaning of this section, regard shall be had to the nature of the bill, the usage of trade with respect to similar bills and the facts of the particular case.R.S., c. B-5, s. 77Rules for presenting for acceptanceA bill is duly presented for acceptance that is presented in accordance with the following rules:the presentment must be made by or on behalf of the holder to the drawee or to a person authorized to accept or refuse acceptance on his behalf, at a reasonable hour on a business day and before the bill is overdue;where a bill is addressed to two or more drawees who are not partners, presentment must be made to all of them, unless one has authority to accept for all, in which case presentment may be made to him only;where the drawee is dead, presentment may be made to his personal representative; andwhere authorized by agreement or usage, a presentment through the post office is sufficient.R.S., c. B-5, s. 78ExcusesPresentment in accordance with the rules set out in section 77 is excused, and a bill may be treated as dishonoured by non-acceptance wherethe drawee is dead, or is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract by bill;after the exercise of reasonable diligence, the presentment cannot be effected; oralthough the presentment has been irregular, acceptance has been refused on some other ground.No excuseThe fact that the holder has reason to believe that the bill, on presentment, will be dishonoured does not excuse presentment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 79Time for acceptanceThe drawee may accept a bill on the day of its due presentment to him for acceptance or at any time within two days thereafter.DishonourWhen a bill is duly presented for acceptance and is not accepted within the time mentioned in subsection (1), the person presenting it must treat it as dishonoured by non-acceptance.Loss of rightsIf the person does not treat the bill as dishonoured, the holder loses his right of recourse against the drawer and endorsers.Date of acceptanceIn the case of a bill payable at sight or after sight, the acceptor may date his acceptance thereon as of any of the days mentioned in subsection (1) but not later than the day of his actual acceptance of the bill.Refusing acceptanceIf the acceptance is not dated as described in subsection (4), the holder may refuse to take the acceptance and may treat the bill as dishonoured by non-acceptance.R.S., c. B-5, s. 80Dishonour by non-acceptanceA bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance whenit is duly presented for acceptance and such an acceptance as is prescribed by this Act is refused or cannot be obtained; orpresentment for acceptance is excused and the bill is not accepted.R.S., c. B-5, s. 81RecourseSubject to this Act, when a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance, an immediate right of recourse against the drawer and endorsers accrues to the holder, and no presentment for payment is necessary.R.S., c. B-5, s. 82Qualified acceptanceThe holder of a bill may refuse to take a qualified acceptance and, if he does not obtain an unqualified acceptance, may treat the bill as dishonoured by non-acceptance.Presumption of assentWhen the drawer or endorser of a bill receives notice of a qualified acceptance and does not within a reasonable time express his dissent to the holder, he shall be deemed to have assented thereto.R.S., c. B-5, s. 83Qualified acceptance without authorityWhere a qualified acceptance is taken and the drawer or endorser has not expressedly or impliedly authorized the holder to take a qualified acceptance, or does not subsequently assent thereto, the drawer or endorser is discharged from his liability on the bill.Partial acceptanceThis section does not apply to a partial acceptance of which due notice has been given.R.S., c. B-5, s. 84Presentment for PaymentNecessity for presentmentSubject to this Act, a bill must be duly presented for payment.If not presentedIf a bill is not duly presented for payment, the drawer and endorsers are discharged.Manner of presentmentWhere the holder of a bill presents it for payment, he shall exhibit the bill to the person from whom he demands payment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 85Time for presentmentA bill is duly presented for payment that is presented when the bill isnot payable on demand, on the day it falls due; orpayable on demand, within a reasonable time after its issue, in order to render the drawer liable, and within a reasonable time after its endorsement, in order to render the endorser liable.Reasonable timeIn determining what is a reasonable time within the meaning of this section, regard shall be had to the nature of the bill, the usage of trade with respect to similar bills and the facts of the particular case.R.S., c. B-5, s. 86By and to whomPresentment of a bill must be made by the holder or by a person authorized to receive payment on his behalf, at the proper place as defined in section 87, and either to the person designated by the bill as payer or to his representative or a person authorized to pay or to refuse payment on his behalf, if with the exercise of reasonable diligence such person can there be found.Two acceptorsWhen a bill is drawn on or accepted by two or more persons who are not partners and no place of payment is specified, presentment must be made to all of them.Personal representationWhen the drawee or acceptor of a bill is dead and no place of payment is specified, presentment of the bill must be made to a personal representative if there is one and with the exercise of reasonable diligence he can be found.R.S., c. B-5, s. 87Proper place for presentmentA bill is presented at the proper placewhere a place of payment is specified in the bill or acceptance and the bill is there presented;where no place of payment is specified, but the address of the drawee or acceptor is given in the bill, and the bill is there presented;where no place of payment is specified and no address given, and the bill is presented at the drawee’s or acceptor’s place of business, if known, and if not, at his ordinary residence, if known; orin any other case, if presented to the drawee or acceptor wherever he can be found, or if presented at his latest known place of business or residence.R.S., c. B-5, s. 88Sufficient presentmentWhere a bill is presented at the proper place as defined in section 87 and after the exercise of reasonable diligence no person authorized to pay or refuse payment can there be found, no further presentment to the drawee or acceptor is required.R.S., c. B-5, s. 89Presentment at post officeWhere the place of payment specified in the bill or acceptance is any city, town or village and no place therein is specified, and the bill is presented at the drawee’s or acceptor’s known place of business or known ordinary residence therein, and if there is no such place of business or residence, the bill is presented at the post office or principal post office in such city, town or village, such presentment is sufficient.Through post officeWhere authorized by agreement or usage, a presentment through the post office is sufficient.R.S., c. B-5, s. 90Delay in presentmentDelay in making presentment of a bill for payment is excused where the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the holder and not imputable to his default, misconduct or negligence.DiligenceWhere the cause of delay ceases to operate, presentment must be made with reasonable diligence.R.S., c. B-5, s. 91When presentment is dispensed withPresentment of a bill for payment is dispensed withwhere, after the exercise of reasonable diligence, presentment, as required by this Act, cannot be effected;where the drawee is a fictitious person;with respect to the drawer, where the drawee or acceptor is not bound, as between himself and the drawer, to accept or pay the bill, and the drawer has no reason to believe that the bill would be paid if presented; orwith respect to an endorser, where the bill was accepted or made for the accommodation of that endorser, and he has no reason to expect that the bill would be paid if presented;by waiver of presentment, express or implied.Not dispensed withThe fact that the holder has reason to believe that the bill will, on presentment, be dishonoured does not dispense with the necessity for presentment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 92When no place specifiedWhen no place of payment is specified in a bill or acceptance, presentment for payment is not necessary in order to render the acceptor liable.If place specifiedWhen a place of payment is specified in a bill or acceptance, the acceptor, in the absence of an express stipulation to that effect, is not discharged by the omission to present the bill for payment on the day that it matures, but if any suit or action is instituted thereon before presentation, the costs thereof shall be in the discretion of the court.Delivery on paymentWhen a bill is paid, the holder shall forthwith deliver it to the party paying it.R.S., c. B-5, s. 93Time for presentmentWhere the address of the acceptor for honour of a bill is in the same place where the bill is protested for non-payment, the bill must be presented to him not later than the day following its maturity.Parties in different placesWhere the address of the acceptor for honour is in a place other than the place where a bill is protested for non-payment, the bill must be forwarded not later than the day following its maturity for presentment to him.Excuses for delayDelay in presentment or non-presentment is excused by any circumstance that would, in case of acceptance by a drawee, excuse delay in presentment for payment or non-presentment for payment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 94Dishonour by non-paymentA bill is dishonoured by non-payment whenit is duly presented for payment and payment is refused or cannot be obtained; orpresentment is excused and the bill is overdue and unpaid.RecourseSubject to this Act, when a bill is dishonoured by non-payment, an immediate right of recourse against the drawer, acceptor and endorsers accrues to the holder.R.S., c. B-5, s. 95Notice of DishonourNotice of dishonourSubject to this Act, when a bill has been dishonoured by non-acceptance or by non-payment, notice of dishonour must be given to the drawer and each endorser, and any drawer or endorser to whom the notice is not given is discharged.Subsequent holderWhere a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance and notice of dishonour is not given, the rights of a holder in due course subsequent to the omission are not prejudiced by the omission.Notice of subsequent dishonourWhere a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance and due notice of dishonour is given, it is not necessary to give notice of a subsequent dishonour by non-payment, unless the bill is accepted in the meantime.Notice to acceptorIn order to render the acceptor of a bill liable, it is not necessary that notice of dishonour be given to him.R.S., c. B-5, s. 96Conditions for validity of noticeNotice of dishonour in order to be valid and effectual must be givennot later than the juridical or business day next following the dishonouring of the bill;by or on behalf of the holder, or by or on behalf of an endorser, who at the time of giving notice is himself liable on the bill;in the case of the death, if known to the party giving notice, of the drawer or endorser, to a personal representative if there is one and with the exercise of reasonable diligence he can be found; andin case of two or more drawers or endorsers who are not partners, to each of them, unless one of them has authority to receive notice for the others.R.S., c. B-5, s. 97How notice givenNotice of dishonour may be givenas soon as the bill is dishonoured;to the party to whom notice is required to be given or to his agent in that behalf;by an agent either in his own name or in the name of any party entitled to give notice, whether that party is his principal or not; orin writing or by personal communication and in any terms that identify the bill and intimate that the bill has been dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment.MisdescriptionA misdescription of the bill does not vitiate the notice unless the party to whom the notice is given is in fact misled thereby.R.S., c. B-5, s. 98Form of noticeIn point of form, the return of a dishonoured bill to the drawer or endorser is a sufficient notice of dishonour, and a written notice need not be signed.Verbal supplementAn insufficient written notice may be supplemented and validated by verbal communication.R.S., c. B-5, s. 99Notice by agentWhere a bill when dishonoured is in the hands of an agent, he may himself give notice to the parties liable on the bill, or he may give notice to his principal, in which case the principal on receipt of the notice has the same time for giving notice as if the agent had been an independent holder.Time for noticeWhere the agent gives notice to his principal, he must do so within the same time as if he were an independent holder.R.S., c. B-5, s. 100Notice to antecedent partiesWhere a party to a bill receives due notice of dishonour, he has, after the receipt of the notice, the same period of time for giving notice to antecedent parties that a holder has after dishonour.R.S., c. B-5, s. 101Benefit of noticeA notice of dishonour enures for the benefitof all subsequent holders and of all prior endorsers who have a right of recourse against the party to whom the notice is given, where given on behalf of the holder; andof the holder and all endorsers subsequent to the party to whom the notice is given, where given, by or on behalf of an endorser entitled under this Part to give notice.R.S., c. B-5, s. 102How notice addressedNotwithstanding anything in this Act, notice of dishonour of any bill payable in Canada is sufficiently given if it is addressed in due time to any party to the bill entitled to the notice, at his customary address or place of residence or at the place at which the bill is dated, unless any such party has, under his signature, designated another place, in which case the notice shall be sufficiently given if addressed to him in due time at that other place.Sufficiency of noticeA notice referred to in subsection (1) shall be sufficient, although the place of residence of such party is other than either of the places mentioned in that subsection, and shall be deemed to have been duly served and given for all purposes if it is deposited in any post office, with the postage paid thereon, at any time during the day on which presentment has been made or on the next following juridical or business day.Death of partyThe notice referred to in subsection (1) is not invalid by reason only of the fact that the party to whom it is addressed is dead.R.S., c. B-5, s. 103Miscarriage in post serviceWhere a notice of dishonour is duly addressed and posted, as provided in section 102, the sender is deemed to have given due notice of dishonour, notwithstanding any miscarriage by the post office.R.S., c. B-5, s. 104Excuse for delayDelay in giving notice of dishonour is excused where the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the party giving notice and not imputable to his default, misconduct or negligence.DiligenceWhere the cause of delay in giving notice of dishonour ceases to operate, the notice must be given with reasonable diligence.R.S., c. B-5, s. 105Notice dispensed withNotice of dishonour is dispensed withwhen, after the exercise of reasonable diligence, notice as required by this Act cannot be given to or does not reach the drawer or endorser sought to be charged; orby waiver, express or implied.Time of waiverNotice of dishonour may be waived before the time of giving notice has arrived or after the omission to give due notice.R.S., c. B-5, s. 106Dispensing with notice re drawerNotice of dishonour is dispensed with as regards the drawer wherethe drawer and drawee are the same person;the drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract;the drawer is the person to whom the bill is presented for payment;the drawee or acceptor is, as between himself and the drawer, under no obligation to accept or pay the bill; orthe drawer has countermanded payment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 107Dispensing with notice re endorserNotice of dishonour is dispensed with as regards the endorser wherethe drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract, and the endorser was aware of the fact at the time he endorsed the bill;the endorser is the person to whom the bill is presented for payment; orthe bill was accepted or made for his accommodation.R.S., c. B-5, s. 108ProtestNecessity of protestIn order to render the acceptor of a bill liable, it is not necessary to protest it.R.S., c. B-5, s. 109Protest dispensed withProtest is dispensed with by any circumstances that would dispense with notice of dishonour.R.S., c. B-5, s. 110Delay excusedDelay in noting or protesting is excused where the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the holder and not imputable to his default, misconduct or negligence.DiligenceWhere the cause of delay in noting or protesting ceases to operate, the bill must be noted or protested with reasonable diligence.R.S., c. B-5, s. 111Foreign bill, non-acceptanceWhere a foreign bill appearing on the face of it to be such has been dishonoured by non-acceptance, it must be duly protested for non-acceptance.Non-paymentWhere a foreign bill that has not been previously dishonoured by non-acceptance is dishonoured by non-payment, it must be duly protested for non-payment.BalanceWhere a foreign bill has been accepted only as to part, it must be protested as to the balance.DischargeWhere a foreign bill is not protested as required by this section, the drawer and endorsers are discharged.R.S., c. B-5, s. 112Protest of inland billWhere an inland bill has been dishonoured, it may, if the holder thinks fit, be noted and protested for non-acceptance or non-payment, as the case may be, but it is not necessary to note or protest an inland bill in order to have recourse against the drawer or endorsers.R.S., c. B-5, s. 113Protest unnecessaryWhere a bill does not on the face of it appear to be a foreign bill, protest thereof in case of dishonour is unnecessary.R.S., c. B-5, s. 114Subsequent protest for non-paymentA bill that has been protested for non-acceptance, or a bill of which protest for non-acceptance has been waived, may be subsequently protested for non-payment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 115Protest for better securityWhere the acceptor of a bill suspends payment before it matures, the holder may cause the bill to be protested for better security against the drawer and endorsers.R.S., c. B-5, s. 116Acceptance for honourWhere a dishonoured bill has been accepted for honour under protest or contains a reference in case of need, it must be protested for non-payment before it is presented for payment to the acceptor for honour, or referee in case of need.Protest for non-paymentWhen a bill is dishonoured by the acceptor for honour, it must be protested for non-payment by him.R.S., c. B-5, s. 117Noting equivalent to protestFor the purposes of this Act, where a bill is required to be protested within a specified time or before some further proceeding is taken, it is sufficient that the bill has been noted for protest before the expiration of the specified time or the taking of the proceeding.R.S., c. B-5, s. 118Protest on day of dishonourSubject to this Act, when a bill is protested, the protest must be made or noted on the day of its dishonour.Extending protestWhen a bill has been duly noted, the formal protest may be extended thereafter at any time as of the date of the noting.R.S., c. B-5, s. 119Protest on copy or particularsWhere a bill is lost or destroyed, or is wrongly or accidentally detained from the person entitled to hold it, or is accidentally retained in a place other than where payable, protest may be made on a copy or written particulars thereof.R.S., c. B-5, s. 120Place of protestA bill must be protested at the place where it is dishonoured, or at some other place in Canada situated within five miles of the place of presentment and dishonour of the bill.Where bill returned by postWhen a bill is presented through the post office and returned by post dishonoured, it may be protested at the place to which it is returned, not later than on the day of its return or the next juridical day.Time of protestEvery protest for dishonour, either for non-acceptance or non-payment, may be made on the day of the dishonour, and in case of non-acceptance at any time after non-acceptance, and in case of non-payment at any time after three o’clock in the afternoon, local time.R.S., c. B-5, s. 121Contents of protestA protest must contain a copy of the bill, or the original bill may be annexed thereto, must be signed by the notary making it and must specifythe person at whose request the bill is protested;the place and date of protest;the cause or reason for protest; andthe demand made and the answer given, if any, or the fact that the drawee or acceptor could not be found.R.S., c. B-5, s. 122When notary not accessibleWhere a dishonoured bill is authorized or required to be protested and the services of a notary cannot be obtained at the place where the bill is dishonoured, any justice of the peace resident in the place may present and protest the bill and give all necessary notices and has all the necessary powers of a notary with respect thereto.R.S., c. B-5, s. 123ExpenseThe expense of noting and protesting any bill and the postages thereby incurred shall be allowed and paid to the holder in addition to any interest thereon.Notaries’ feesNotaries may charge the fees in each province allowed them.R.S., c. B-5, s. 124FormsThe Forms in the schedule may be used in noting or protesting any bill and in giving notice thereof.Annexing copy or original of billA copy of the bill and endorsement may be included in the Forms, or the original bill may be annexed and the necessary changes in that behalf made in the Forms.R.S., c. B-5, s. 125How notice of protest givenNotice of the protest of any bill payable in Canada is sufficiently given and is sufficient and deemed to have been duly given and served, if given during the day on which protest has been made or on the next following juridical or business day, to the same parties and in the same manner and addressed in the same way as is provided by this Part for notice of dishonour.R.S., c. B-5, s. 126Liabilities of PartiesEquitable assignmentA bill, of itself, does not operate as an assignment of funds in the hands of the drawee available for the payment thereof, and the drawee of a bill who does not accept as required by this Act is not liable on the instrument.R.S., c. B-5, s. 127Engagement by acceptanceThe acceptor of a bill by accepting it engages that he will pay it according to the tenor of his acceptance.R.S., c. B-5, s. 128EstoppelThe acceptor of a bill by accepting it is precluded from denying to a holder in due coursethe existence of the drawer, the genuineness of his signature and his capacity and authority to draw the bill;in the case of a bill payable to drawer’s order, the then capacity of the drawer to endorse, but not the genuineness or validity of his endorsement; orin the case of a bill payable to the order of a third person, the existence of the payee and his then capacity to endorse, but not the genuineness or validity of his endorsement.R.S., c. B-5, s. 129DrawerThe drawer of a bill by drawing itengages that on due presentment it shall be accepted and paid according to its tenor, and that if it is dishonoured he will compensate the holder or any endorser who is compelled to pay it, if the requisite proceedings on dishonour are duly taken; andis precluded from denying to a holder in due course the existence of the payee and his then capacity to endorse.R.S., c. B-5, s. 130Liability by signatureNo person is liable as drawer, endorser or acceptor of a bill who has not signed it as such, but when a person signs a bill otherwise than as a drawer or acceptor, he thereby incurs the liabilities of an endorser to a holder in due course and is subject to all the provisions of this Act respecting endorsers.R.S., c. B-5, s. 131Trade-name or assumed nameWhere a person signs a bill in a trade-name or assumed name, he is liable thereon as if he had signed it in his own name.Firm nameThe signature of the name of a firm is equivalent to the signature, by the person so signing, of the names of all persons liable as partners in that firm.R.S., c. B-5, s. 132EndorserThe endorser of a bill by endorsing it, subject to the effect of any express stipulation authorized by this Act,engages that on due presentment it shall be accepted and paid according to its tenor, and that if it is dishonoured he will compensate the holder or a subsequent endorser who is compelled to pay it, if the requisite proceedings on dishonour are duly taken;is precluded from denying to a holder in due course the genuineness and regularity in all respects of the drawer’s signature and all previous endorsements; andis precluded from denying to his immediate or a subsequent endorsee that the bill was, at the time of his endorsement, a valid and subsisting bill, and that he had then a good title thereto.R.S., c. B-5, s. 133Measure of damagesWhere a bill is dishonoured, the measure of damages, which shall be deemed to be liquidated damages, arethe amount of the bill;interest thereon from the time of presentment for payment, if the bill is payable on demand, and from the maturity of the bill in any other case; andthe expenses of noting and protesting.R.S., c. B-5, s. 134Recovery of damagesIn the case of a bill that has been dishonoured, the holder may recover from any party liable on the bill, the drawer who has been compelled to pay the bill may recover from the acceptor, and an endorser who has been compelled to pay the bill may recover from the acceptor or from the drawer, or from a prior endorser, the damages prescribed in section 133.R.S., c. B-5, s. 135Re-exchange and interestIn the case of a bill that has been dishonoured abroad, in addition to the damages prescribed in section 133, the holder may recover from the drawer or any endorser, and the drawer or an endorser who has been compelled to pay the bill may recover from any party liable to him, the amount of the re-exchange with interest thereon until the time of payment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 136Transferor by deliveryWhere the holder of a bill payable to bearer negotiates it by delivery without endorsing it, he is called a “transferor by delivery”.Liability of transferorA transferor by delivery is not liable on the instrument.R.S., c. B-5, s. 137Warranty by transferorA transferor by delivery who negotiates a bill thereby warrants to his immediate transferee, being a holder for value, thatthe bill is what it purports to be;he has a right to transfer it; andat the time of transfer, he is not aware of any fact that renders it valueless.R.S., c. B-5, s. 138Discharge of BillPaymentA bill is discharged by payment in due course by or on behalf of the drawee or acceptor.Payment in due coursePayment in due course means payment made at or after the maturity of the bill to the holder thereof in good faith and without notice that his title to the bill is defective.Accommodation billWhere an accommodation bill is paid in due course by the party accommodated, the bill is discharged.R.S., c. B-5, s. 139Payment by drawer or endorserSubject to the provisions of section 138 with respect to an accommodation bill, when a bill is paid by the drawer or endorser, it is not discharged, but,where a bill payable to, or to the order of, a third party is paid by the drawer, the drawer may enforce payment thereof against the acceptor, but may not reissue the bill; andwhere a bill is paid by an endorser, or where a bill payable to drawer’s order is paid by the drawer, the party paying it is remitted to his former rights as regards the acceptor or antecedent parties, and he may, if he thinks fit, strike out his own and subsequent endorsements and again negotiate the bill.R.S., c. B-5, s. 140Acceptor holding at maturityWhen the acceptor of a bill is or becomes the holder of it, at or after its maturity, in his own right, the bill is discharged.R.S., c. B-5, s. 141Renouncing rightsWhen the holder of a bill, at or after its maturity, absolutely and unconditionally renounces his rights against the acceptor, the bill is discharged.Against one partyThe liabilities of any party to a bill may in like manner be renounced by the holder before, at or after its maturity.In writingA renunciation must be in writing, unless the bill is delivered to the acceptor.Holder in due courseNothing in this section affects the rights of a holder in due course without notice of renunciation.R.S., c. B-5, s. 142Cancellation of billWhere a bill is intentionally cancelled by the holder or his agent and the cancellation is apparent thereon, the bill is discharged.Of any signatureIn like manner, any party liable on a bill may be discharged by the intentional cancellation of his signature by the holder or his agent.Discharge of endorserIn any case described in subsection (2), any endorser who would have had a right of recourse against the party whose signature is cancelled is also discharged.R.S., c. B-5, s. 143Unintentional cancellationA cancellation made unintentionally, or under a mistake, or without the authority of the holder, is inoperative, but where a bill or any signature thereon appears to have been cancelled, the burden of proof lies on the party who alleges that the cancellation was made unintentionally, or under a mistake, or without authority.R.S., c. B-5, s. 144Alteration of billSubject to subsection (2), where a bill or an acceptance is materially altered without the assent of all parties liable on the bill, the bill is voided, except as against a party who has himself made, authorized or assented to the alteration and subsequent endorsers.Right of holder in due courseWhere a bill has been materially altered, but the alteration is not apparent, and the bill is in the hands of a holder in due course, the holder may avail himself of the bill as if it had not been altered and may enforce payment of it according to its original tenor.R.S., c. B-5, s. 145Material alterationIn particular, any alterationof the date,of the sum payable,of the time of payment,of the place of payment, orby the addition of a place of payment without the acceptor’s assent where a bill has been accepted generally,is a material alteration.R.S., c. B-5, s. 146Acceptance and Payment for HonourAcceptance for honour under protestWhere a bill of exchange has been protested for dishonour by non-acceptance, or protested for better security, and is not overdue, any person, not being a party already liable thereon, may, with the consent of the holder, intervene and accept the bill under protest for the honour of any party liable thereon or for the honour of the person for whose account the bill is drawn.R.S., c. B-5, s. 147In partA bill may be accepted for honour for part only of the sum for which it is drawn.R.S., c. B-5, s. 148Deemed to be for honour of drawerWhere an acceptance for honour does not expressly state for whose honour it is made, it is deemed to be an acceptance for the honour of the drawer.R.S., c. B-5, s. 149Maturity of after-sight billWhere a bill payable after sight is accepted for honour, its maturity is calculated from the date of protesting for non-acceptance and not from the date of the acceptance for honour.R.S., c. B-5, s. 150RequirementsAn acceptance for honour under protest, in order to be valid, must bewritten on the bill, and indicate that it is an acceptance for honour; andsigned by the acceptor for honour.R.S., c. B-5, s. 151Liability of acceptor for honourThe acceptor for honour of a bill by accepting it engages that he will, on due presentment, pay the bill according to the tenor of his acceptance, if it is not paid by the drawee, if it has been duly presented for payment and protested for non-payment and if he receives notice of those facts.Liability to holder and othersThe acceptor for honour is liable to the holder and to all parties to the bill subsequent to the party for whose honour he has accepted.R.S., c. B-5, s. 152Payment for honour under protestWhere a bill has been protested for non-payment, any person may intervene and pay it under protest for the honour of any party liable thereon or for the honour of the person for whose account the bill is drawn.If more than one offerWhere two or more persons offer to pay a bill for the honour of different parties, the person whose payment will discharge most parties to the bill has the preference.Refusal to receive paymentWhere the holder of a bill refuses to receive payment under protest, he loses his right of recourse against any party who would have been discharged by that payment.Entitled to billThe payer for honour, on paying to the holder the amount of the bill and the notarial expenses incidental to its dishonour, is entitled to receive both the bill itself and the protest.Liability for refusingWhere the holder does not on demand in a case described in subsection (4) deliver up the bill and protest, he is liable to the payer for honour in damages.R.S., c. B-5, s. 153Attestation of payment for honourPayment for honour under protest, in order to operate as such and not as a mere voluntary payment, must be attested by a notarial act of honour, which may be appended to the protest or form an extension of it.DeclarationThe notarial act of honour must be founded on a declaration made by the payer for honour, or his agent in that behalf, declaring his intention to pay the bill for honour, and for whose honour he pays.R.S., c. B-5, s. 154Discharge and subrogationWhere a bill has been paid for honour, all parties subsequent to the party for whose honour it is paid are discharged, but the payer for honour is subrogated for and succeeds to both the rights and duties of the holder with respect to the party for whose honour he pays, and all parties liable to that party.R.S., c. B-5, s. 155Lost InstrumentsHolder to have duplicate of lost billWhere a bill has been lost before it is overdue, the person who was the holder of it may apply to the drawer to give him another bill of the same tenor, giving security to the drawer, if required, to indemnify him against all persons whatever, in case the bill alleged to have been lost is found again.RefusalWhere the drawer, on request, refuses to give a duplicate bill, he may be compelled to do so.R.S., c. B-5, s. 156Action on lost billIn any action or proceeding on a bill, the court or a judge may order that the loss of the instrument shall not be set up, if an indemnity is given to the satisfaction of the court or judge against the claims of any other person on the instrument in question.R.S., c. B-5, s. 157Bill in a SetBills in setWhere a bill is drawn in a set, each part of the set being numbered, and containing a reference to the other parts, the whole of the parts constitute one bill.AcceptanceThe acceptance may be written on any part, but it must be written on one part only.R.S., c. B-5, s. 158Endorsing more than one partWhere the holder of a set endorses two or more parts to different persons, he is liable on every such part, and every endorser subsequent to him is liable on the part he has himself endorsed as if the parts were separate bills.Negotiation to different holdersWhere two or more parts of a set are negotiated to different holders in due course, the holder whose title first accrues is, as between such holders, deemed the true owner of the bill, but nothing in this subsection affects the rights of a person who in due course accepts or pays the part first presented to him.Accepting more than one partWhere the drawee accepts more than one part and such accepted parts get into the hands of different holders in due course, he is liable on every such part as if it were a separate bill.Payments without deliveryWhen the acceptor of a bill drawn in a set pays it without requiring the part bearing his acceptance to be delivered up to him, and that part at maturity is outstanding in the hands of a holder in due course, he is liable to the holder thereof.DischargeSubject to this section, where any one part of a bill drawn in a set is discharged by payment or otherwise, the whole bill is discharged.R.S., c. B-5, s. 159Conflict of LawsRequisites of formSubject to subsections (2) and (3), where a bill drawn in one country is negotiated, accepted or payable in another, the validity of the bill with respect to requisites in form is determined by the law of the place of issue, and the validity with respect to requisites in form of the supervening contracts, such as endorsement, acceptance or acceptance under protest, is determined by the law of the place where the contract was made.Unstamped billsWhere a bill is issued outside Canada, it is not invalid by reason only that it is not stamped in accordance with the law of the place of issue.Conforming to the law of CanadaWhere a bill, issued outside Canada, conforms, with respect to requisites in form, to the law of Canada, it may, for the purpose of enforcing payment thereof, be treated as valid as between all persons who negotiate, hold or become parties to it in Canada.R.S., c. B-5, s. 160Law applicableSubject to this Act, the interpretation of the drawing, endorsement, acceptance or acceptance under protest of a bill, drawn in one country and negotiated, accepted or payable in another, is determined by the law of the place where the contract is made, but where an inland bill is endorsed in a foreign country, the endorsement shall, with respect to the payer, be interpreted according to the law of Canada.R.S., c. B-5, s. 161Law as to duties of holderThe duties of the holder with respect to presentment of a bill for acceptance or payment and the necessity for or sufficiency of a protest or notice of dishonour are determined by the law of the place where the act is done or the bill is dishonoured.R.S., c. B-5, s. 162CurrencyWhere a bill is drawn out of but payable in Canada and the sum payable is not expressed in the currency of Canada, the amount shall, in the absence of an express stipulation, be calculated according to the rate of exchange for sight drafts at the place of payment on the day the bill is payable.R.S., c. B-5, s. 163Due dateWhere a bill is drawn in one country and is payable in another country, the due date thereof is determined according to the law of the place where it is payable.R.S., c. B-5, s. 164Official Images and Electronic PresentmentDefinitionsThe following definitions apply in this section and sections 163.2 to 163.6.bank has the same meaning as in section 164. (banque)eligible bill means a bill that is of a class specified by a by-law, a rule or a standard made under the Canadian Payments Act. (lettre admissible)official image, in respect of an eligible bill, means an image of that eligible bill created by or on behalf of a bank in accordance with by-laws, rules or standards made under the Canadian Payments Act, together with any data in relation to the eligible bill prepared in accordance with those by-laws, rules and standards, and includes a display, a printout, a copy or any other output of that image and that data created by or on behalf of a bank in accordance with those by-laws, rules and standards. (image officielle)2007, c. 6, s. 398Status of official imageAn official image of an eligible bill may be dealt with and used for all purposes as though it were the eligible bill.2007, c. 6, s. 398Electronic presentmentDespite anything in this Act, a bank may present for payment an official image of an eligible bill electronically in accordance with by-laws, rules or standards made under the Canadian Payments Act and, if it does so, the requirements of this Act respecting the presentment for payment of the eligible bill are deemed to have been complied with.Discharge by paymentThe eligible bill and its official image are discharged if payment in due course is made by or on behalf of the drawee after the electronic presentment for payment of the official image of the eligible bill.2007, c. 6, s. 398PresumptionIn the absence of evidence to the contrary, a document purporting to be an official image of an eligible bill is presumed to be an official image of the eligible bill.AdmissibilityAn official image of an eligible bill is admissible in evidence for all purposes for which the eligible bill would be admitted as evidence without proof that the official image was created by or on behalf of a bank in accordance with the by-laws, rules or standards made under the Canadian Payments Act.True copy of contentsIn the absence of evidence to the contrary, an official image of an eligible bill is presumed to be a true and exact copy of the contents of the eligible bill.2007, c. 6, s. 398Effect of destructionIf an eligible bill is destroyed in accordance with by-laws, rules or standards made under the Canadian Payments Act and there is an official image of the bill,a person’s rights and powers in relation to the eligible bill are not affected by reason only that the person does not possess it;the destruction does not affect any person’s rights, powers, duties and liabilities in relation to the eligible bill; andthe eligible bill is not considered to be lost or to have been materially altered or intentionally cancelled.2007, c. 6, s. 398WarrantyA bank that creates or purports to create an official image of an eligible bill, or on whose behalf an official image of an eligible bill is created or purported to be created, warrants that the official image or the purported official image, as the case may be, was created in accordance with by-laws, rules or standards made under the Canadian Payments Act and that it accurately represents the eligible bill.DamagesAny person who has suffered damages as a result of a breach of the warranty has a cause of action for damages against the bank.2007, c. 6, s. 398Cheques on a BankDefinition of “bank”In this Part, bank includes every member of the Canadian Payments Association established under the Canadian Payments Act and every local cooperative credit society, as defined in that Act, that is a member of a central, as defined in that Act, that is a member of the Canadian Payments Association.R.S., 1985, c. B-4, s. 164; 2001, c. 9, s. 586ChequeA cheque is a bill drawn on a bank, payable on demand.Provisions as to bills applyExcept as otherwise provided in this Part, the provisions of this Act applicable to a bill payable on demand apply to a cheque.Cheque for deposit to accountWhere a cheque is delivered to a bank for deposit to the credit of a person and the bank credits him with the amount of the cheque, the bank acquires all the rights and powers of a holder in due course of the cheque.R.S., c. B-5, s. 165Presentment for paymentSubject to this Act,where a cheque is not presented for payment within a reasonable time of its issue and the drawer or the person on whose account it is drawn had the right at the time of presentment, as between him and the bank, to have the cheque paid, and suffers actual damage through the delay, he is discharged to the extent of the damage, that is to say, to the extent to which the drawer or person is a creditor of the bank to a larger amount than he would have been had the cheque been paid; andthe holder of the cheque, with respect to which the drawer or person is discharged, shall be a creditor, in lieu of the drawer or person, of the bank to the extent of the discharge, and entitled to recover the amount from it.Reasonable timeIn determining what is a reasonable time, within this section, regard shall be had to the nature of the instrument, the usage of trade and of banks and the facts of the particular case.R.S., c. B-5, s. 166Authority to payThe duty and authority of a bank to pay a cheque drawn on it by its customer are determined bycountermand of payment; ornotice of the customer’s death.R.S., c. B-5, s. 167Crossed ChequesCrossed generallyWhere a cheque bears across its face an addition ofthe word “bank” between two parallel transverse lines, either with or without the words “not negotiable”, ortwo parallel transverse lines simply, either with or without the words “not negotiable”,that addition constitutes a crossing, and the cheque is crossed generally.Crossed speciallyWhere a cheque bears across its face an addition of the name of a bank, either with or without the words “not negotiable”, that addition constitutes a crossing, and the cheque is crossed specially and to that bank.R.S., c. B-5, s. 168By drawerA cheque may be crossed generally or specially by the drawer.By holderWhere a cheque is uncrossed, the holder may cross it generally or specially.VaryingWhere a cheque is crossed generally, the holder may cross it specially.Words may be addedWhere a cheque is crossed generally or specially, the holder may add the words “not negotiable”.By bank for collectionWhere a cheque is crossed specially, the bank to which it is crossed may again cross it specially to another bank for collection.Changing crossingWhere an uncrossed cheque, or a cheque crossed generally, is sent to a bank for collection, it may cross it specially to itself.UncrossingA crossed cheque may be reopened or uncrossed by the drawer writing between the transverse lines the words “pay cash”, and initialling the same.R.S., c. B-5, s. 169Material partA crossing authorized by this Act is a material part of the cheque.Altering crossingIt is not lawful for any person to obliterate or, except as authorized by this Act, to add to or alter the crossing.R.S., c. B-5, s. 170Crossed to more than one bankWhere a cheque is crossed specially to more than one bank, except when crossed to another bank as agent for collection, the bank on which it is drawn shall refuse payment thereof.R.S., c. B-5, s. 171Liability for improper paymentSubject to subsection (2), where the bank on which a cheque crossed as described in section 171 is drawn nevertheless pays the cheque, or pays a cheque crossed generally otherwise than to a bank, or, if crossed specially, otherwise than to the bank to which it is crossed or to the bank acting as its agent for collection, it is liable to the true owner of the cheque for any loss he sustains owing to the cheque having been so paid.Payment in good faith and without negligenceWhere a cheque is presented for payment that does not at the time of presentment appear to be crossed, or to have had a crossing that has been obliterated, or to have been added to or altered otherwise than as authorized by this Act, the bank paying the cheque in good faith and without negligence shall not be responsible or incur any liability, nor shall the payment be questioned by reason of the cheque having been crossed, or of the crossing having been obliterated or having been added to or altered otherwise than as authorized by this Act, and of payment having been made otherwise than to a bank or to the bank to which the cheque is or was crossed, or to the bank acting as its agent for collection, as the case may be.R.S., c. B-5, s. 172Protection in such caseWhere the bank on which a crossed cheque is drawn in good faith and without negligence pays it, if crossed generally, to a bank, or, if crossed specially, to the bank to which it is crossed or to a bank acting as its agent for collection, the bank paying the cheque and, if the cheque has come into the hands of the payee, the drawer shall respectively be entitled to the same rights and be placed in the same position as if payment of the cheque had been made to the true owner thereof.R.S., c. B-5, s. 173“Not negotiable” crossWhere a person takes a crossed cheque that bears on it the words “not negotiable”, he does not have and is not capable of giving a better title to the cheque than the person from whom he took it had.R.S., c. B-5, s. 174Customer without titleWhere a bank, in good faith and without negligence, receives for a customer payment of a cheque crossed generally or specially to itself and the customer has no title or a defective title thereto, the bank does not incur any liability to the true owner of the cheque by reason only of having received that payment.R.S., c. B-5, s. 175Promissory NotesDefinitionA promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another person, signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person or to bearer.Endorsed by makerAn instrument in the form of a note payable to the maker’s order is not a note within the meaning of this section, unless it is endorsed by the maker.Pledge of collateral securityA note is not invalid by reason only that it contains also a pledge of collateral security with authority to sell or dispose thereof.R.S., c. B-5, s. 176Inland noteA note that is, or on the face of it purports to be, both made and payable within Canada is an inland note.Foreign noteAny other note is a foreign note.R.S., c. B-5, s. 177DeliveryA note is inchoate and incomplete until delivery thereof to the payee or bearer.R.S., c. B-5, s. 178Joint and several liabilityA note may be made by two or more makers, and they may be liable thereon jointly, or jointly and severally, according to its tenor.Individual promiseWhere a note bears the words “I promise to pay” and is signed by two or more persons, it is deemed to be their joint and several note.R.S., c. B-5, s. 179Demand note presentmentWhere a note payable on demand has been endorsed, it must be presented for payment within a reasonable time of the endorsement.Reasonable timeIn determining what is a reasonable time, regard shall be had to the nature of the instrument, the usage of trade and the facts of the particular case.R.S., c. B-5, s. 180Endorser dischargedWhere a note payable on demand that has been endorsed is not presented for payment within a reasonable time, the endorser is discharged but, if it has, with the assent of the endorser, been delivered as a collateral or continuing security, it need not be presented for payment so long as it is held as such security.R.S., c. B-5, s. 181Not deemed overdueWhere a note payable on demand is negotiated, it is not deemed to be overdue, for the purpose of affecting the holder with defects of title of which he had no notice, by reason that it appears that a reasonable time for presenting it for payment has elapsed since its issue.R.S., c. B-5, s. 182Presentment at particular placeWhere a note is, in the body of it, made payable at a particular place, it must be presented for payment at that place.Liability of makerIn the case described in subsection (1), the maker is not discharged by the omission to present the note for payment on the day that it matures, but if any suit or action is instituted thereon against him before presentation, the costs thereof are in the discretion of the court.Note payable generallyWhen no place of payment is specified in the body of the note, presentment for payment is not necessary in order to render the maker liable.R.S., c. B-5, s. 183Liability of endorserPresentment for payment is necessary in order to render the endorser of a note liable.Presentment at particular placeWhere a note is, in the body of it, made payable at a particular place, presentment at that place is necessary in order to render an endorser liable.Presentment elsewhereWhen a place of payment is indicated by way of memorandum only, presentment at that place is sufficient to render the endorser liable, but a presentment to the maker elsewhere, if sufficient in other respects, shall also suffice.R.S., c. B-5, s. 184Effect of being makerThe maker of a note, by making it,engages that he will pay it according to its tenor; andis precluded from denying to a holder in due course the existence of the payee and his then capacity to endorse.R.S., c. B-5, s. 185Application of Act to notesSubject to this Part, and except as provided by this section, the provisions of this Act relating to bills apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require, to notes.Terms correspondingIn the application of the provisions of this Act relating to bills, the maker of a note shall be deemed to correspond with the acceptor of a bill, and the first endorser of a note shall be deemed to correspond with the drawer of an accepted bill payable to drawer’s order.Provisions inapplicableThe provisions of this Act with respect to bills and relating topresentment for acceptance,acceptance,acceptance under protest, andbills in a set,do not apply to notes.R.S., c. B-5, s. 186Protest of foreign notesWhere a foreign note is dishonoured, protest thereof is unnecessary, except for the preservation of the liabilities of endorsers.R.S., c. B-5, s. 187Consumer Bills and NotesDefinitionsIn this Part,consumer purchase means a purchase, other than a cash purchase, of goods or services or an agreement to purchase goods or servicesby an individual other than for resale or for use in the course of his business, profession or calling, andfrom a person who is engaged in the business of selling or providing those goods or services; (achat de consommation)goods means any article that is or may be the subject of trade or commerce, but does not include land or any interest therein; (marchandises)purchaser means the individual by whom a consumer purchase is made; (acheteur)seller means the person from whom a consumer purchase is made; (vendeur)services includes repairs and improvements. (services)R.S., c. 4(1st Supp.), s. 1Consumer billA consumer bill is a bill of exchange issued in respect of a consumer purchase and on which the purchaser or any person signing to accommodate the purchaser is liable as a party, but does not includea cheque that is dated the date of its issue or prior thereto, or at the time it is issued is post-dated not more than thirty days; ora bill of exchange thatwould be a cheque within the meaning of section 165 but for the fact that the party on which it is drawn is a financial institution, other than a bank, that as part of its business accepts money on deposit from members of the public and honours any such bill directed to be paid out of any such deposit to the extent of the amount of the deposit, andis dated the date of its issue or prior thereto, or at the time it is issued is post-dated not more than thirty days.Consumer noteA consumer note is a promissory noteissued in respect of a consumer purchase; andon which the purchaser or any one signing to accommodate him is liable as a party.Presumption as to issueWithout limiting or restricting the circumstances in which, for the purposes of this Part, a bill of exchange or a promissory note shall be considered to be issued in respect of a consumer purchase, a bill of exchange or a promissory note shall be conclusively presumed to be so issued ifthe consideration for its issue was the lending or advancing of money or other valuable security by a person other than the seller, in order to enable the purchaser to make the consumer purchase; andthe seller and the person who lent or advanced the money or other valuable security were, at the time the bill or note was issued, not dealing with each other at arm’s length within the meaning of the Income Tax Act.Application of Act to consumer bills and notesExcept as otherwise provided in this Part, the provisions of this Act applicable to bills of exchange and cheques apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require, to consumer bills, and those applicable to promissory notes apply to consumer notes, with such modifications as the circumstances require.R.S., c. 4(1st Supp.), s. 1Consumer bill or note to be markedEvery consumer bill or consumer note shall be prominently and legibly marked on its face with the words “Consumer Purchase” before or at the time when the instrument is signed by the purchaser or by any person signing to accommodate the purchaser.Effect where not markedA consumer bill or consumer note that is not marked as required by this section is void, except in the hands of a holder in due course without notice that the bill or note is a consumer bill or consumer note or except as against a drawee without that notice.R.S., c. 4(1st Supp.), s. 1Rights of holder of consumer bill or noteNotwithstanding any agreement to the contrary, the right of a holder of a consumer bill or consumer note that is marked as required by section 190 to have the whole or any part thereof paid by the purchaser or any party signing to accommodate the purchaser is subject to any defence or right of set-off, other than counter-claim, that the purchaser would have had in an action by the seller on the consumer bill or consumer note.R.S., c. 4(1st Supp.), s. 1Obtaining signature to unmarked instrumentEvery person who, knowing that an instrument, other than an instrument described in paragraph 189(1)(a) or (b), has been, is being or is to be issued in respect of a consumer purchase, obtains the signature of the purchaser or of any person signing to accommodate the purchaser to that instrument without its being or having been marked as required by section 190 is guilty ofan offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars; oran indictable offence and liable to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars.Transfer of unmarked consumer bill or noteEvery person who, knowing that a consumer bill or consumer note not marked as required by section 190 is a consumer bill or consumer note, transfers it is, unless he is the purchaser or any person signing to accommodate the purchaser, guilty ofan offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars; oran indictable offence and liable to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars.R.S., c. 4(1st Supp.), s. 1(Section 124)Noting for Non-acceptance(Copy of Bill and Endorsements)On the day of 19, the above bill was, by me, at the request of presented for acceptance to E.F., the drawee, personally (or, at his residence, office or usual place of business), in the city (town or village) of and I received for answer: “”. The said bill is therefore noted for non-acceptance.A.B.,Notary Public(Date and place)Due notice of the above was by me served on (A.B. or C.D.), the (drawer or endorser), personally, on the day of , 19 (or, at his residence, office or usual place of business) in , on the day of , 19 (or, by depositing such notice, directed to him at . in Her Majesty’s post office in the city, (town or village) of , on the day of , 19, and prepaying the postage thereon).A.B.,Notary Public(Date and place)Protest for Non-acceptance or for Non-payment of a Bill Payable Generally(Copy of Bill and Endorsements)On this . day of , in the year , I, A.B., notary public for the Province of , dwelling at , in the Province of , at the request of , did exhibit the original bill of exchange, whereof a true copy is above written, unto E.F., the (drawee or acceptor) thereof personally (or, at E.F.’s residence, office or usual place of business) in , and, speaking to E.F. (or), did demand (acceptance or payment) thereof; unto which demand (he or she) answered: “”.Wherefore I, the said notary, at the request aforesaid, have protested, and by these presents do protest against the acceptor, drawer and endorsers (or drawer and endorsers) of the said bill, and other parties thereto or therein concerned, for all exchange, re-exchange, and all costs, damages and interest, present and to come, for want of (acceptance or payment) of the said bill.All of which I attest by my signature.A.B.,Notary PublicProtest for Non-acceptance or for Non-payment of a Bill Payable at a Stated Place(Copy of Bill and Endorsements)On this day of in the year 19, I, A.B., notary public for the Province of , dwelling at , in the Province of , at the request of , did exhibit the original bill of exchange whereof a true copy is above written, unto E.F., the (drawee or acceptor) thereof, at , being the stated place where the said bill is payable, and there speaking to did demand (acceptance or payment) of the said bill; unto which demand he answered: “”.Wherefore I, the said notary, at the request aforesaid, have protested, and by these presents do protest against the acceptor, drawer and endorsers (or drawer and endorsers) of the said bill and all other parties thereto or therein concerned, for all exchange, re-exchange, costs, damages and interest, present and to come for want of (acceptance or payment) of the said bill.All of which I attest by my signature.A.B.,Notary PublicProtest for Non-payment of a Bill Noted, but Not Protested for Non-acceptanceIf the protest is made by the same notary who noted the bill, it should immediately follow the act of noting and memorandum of service thereof, and begin with the words “and afterwards on, etc.,” continuing as in the last preceding Form, but introducing between the words “did” and “exhibit” the word “again,” and in a parenthesis, between the words “written” and “unto,” the words: “and which bill was by me duly noted for non-acceptance on the day of , 19”.But if the protest is not made by the same notary, then it should follow a copy of the original bill and endorsements and noting marked on the bill — and then in the protest introduce, in a parenthesis, between the words “written” and “unto,” the words: “and which bill was on the day of , 19, by , notary public for the Province of noted for non-acceptance, as appears by his note thereof marked on the said bill”.Protest for Non-payment of a Note Payable Generally(Copy of Note and Endorsements)On this day of , in the year , I, A.B., notary public for the Province of , dwelling at , in the Province of , at the request of , did exhibit the original promissory note, whereof a true copy is above written, unto the promisor, personally (or, at the promisor’s residence, office or usual place of business), in , and speaking to the promisor (or), did demand payment thereof; unto which demand (he or she) answered: “”.Wherefore I, the said notary, at the request aforesaid, have protested, and by these presents do protest against the promisor and endorsers of the said note, and all other parties thereto or therein concerned, for all costs, damages and interest, present and to come, for want of payment of the said note.All of which I attest by my signature.A.B.,Notary PublicProtest for Non-payment of a Note Payable at a Stated Place(Copy of Note and Endorsements)On this day of , in the year 19, I, A.B., notary public for the Province of , dwelling at , in the Province of , at the request of , did exhibit the original promissory note, whereof a true copy is above written, unto the promisor, at , being the stated place where the said note is payable, and there, speaking to did demand payment of the said note, unto which demand he answered: “”.Wherefore I, the said notary, at the request aforesaid, have protested, and by these presents do protest against the promisor and endorsers of the said note, and all other parties thereto or therein concerned, for all costs, damages and interest, present and to come, for want of payment of the said note.All of which I attest by my signature.A.B.,Notary PublicNotarial Notice of a Noting, or of a Protest for Non-acceptance, or of a Protest for Non-payment of a Bill(Place and Date of Noting or of Protest)1st.To P.Q. (the drawer)atSir,Your bill of exchange for $, dated at . the day of , 19, on E.F., in favour of C.D., payable days after (sight or date) was this day, at the request of duly (noted or protested) by me for (non-acceptance or non-payment).A.B.,Notary Public(Place and Date of Noting or of Protest)2nd.To C.D., (endorser)(or F.G.)atSir,Mr. P.Q.’s bill of exchange for $, dated at the day of , 19, on E.F., in your favour (or in favour of C.D.), payable days after (sight or date), and by you endorsed, was this day at the request of duly (noted or protested) by me for (non-acceptance or non-payment).A.B.,Notary PublicNotarial Notice of Protest for Non-payment of a Note(Place and Date of Protest)To ,atSir,Mr. P.Q.’s promissory note for $, dated at , the day of , 19, payable (days or months) after date (or on ) to (you or E.F.) or order, and endorsed by you, was this day, at the request of , duly protested by me for non-payment.A.B.,Notary PublicNotarial Service of Notice of a Protest for Non-acceptance or Non-payment of a Bill, or Note(to be subjoined to the Protest)And afterwards, I, the aforesaid protesting notary public, did serve due notice, in the form prescribed by law, of the foregoing protest for (non-acceptance or non-payment) of the (bill or note) thereby protested on (P.Q. or C.D.), the (drawer or endorser) personally, on the day of , 19, (or, at his residence, office or usual place of business) in , on the day of , 19; (or, by depositing such notice, directed to the said (P.Q. or C.D.), at , in Her Majesty’s post office in on the day of , 19, and prepaying the postage thereon).In testimony whereof, I have, on the last mentioned day and year, at aforesaid, signed these presents.A.B.,Notary PublicProtest by a Justice of the Peace (Where There Is No Notary) for Non-acceptance of a Bill, or Non-payment of a Bill or Note(Copy of Bill or Note and Endorsements)On this day of , in the year , I, N.O., one of Her Majesty’s justices of the peace for the District (or County, etc.), of , in the Province of , dwelling at (or near) the village of , in the said District, there being no practising notary public at or near the said village (or any other legal cause), did, at the request of and in the presence of well known unto me, exhibit the original (bill or note) whereof a true copy is above written unto P.Q., the (drawer, acceptor or promisor) thereof, personally (or at P.Q.’s residence, office or usual place of business) in and speaking to P.Q. (or), did demand (payment or acceptance) thereof, unto which demand (he or she) answered: “”.Wherefore I, the said justice of the peace, at the request aforesaid, have protested, and by these presents do protest against the (drawer and endorsers, promisor and endorsers or acceptor, drawer and endorsers) of the said (bill or note) and all other parties thereto and therein concerned, for all exchange, re-exchange, and all costs, damages and interest, present and to come, for want of (payment or acceptance) of the said (bill or note).All of which is by these presents attested by the signature of the said (the witness) and by my hand and seal.(Signature of the witness)(Signature and seal of the J.P.)R.S., 1985, c. B-4, Sch.; 2000, c. 12, ss. 22 to 242021, c. 112021-08-03